1
00:00:01,480 --> 00:00:06,640
<i>Throughout the history of war, many have</i>
<i>inventions changed the battles.</i>

2
00:00:06,800 --> 00:00:11,200
<i>The catapult, the longbow,</i>
<i>the cannon, the machine gun.</i>

3
00:00:11,360 --> 00:00:16,840
<i>But one weapon did not change only</i>
<i>the battlefield, but the war itself.</i>

4
00:00:17,000 --> 00:00:21,760
<i>It widened the military conflict</i>
<i>to whole countries -</i>

5
00:00:21,920 --> 00:00:24,040
- <i>and unleashed a previously unknown fear.</i>

6
00:00:27,640 --> 00:00:30,520
<i>That weapon was the bomber.</i>

7
00:00:39,240 --> 00:00:42,240
<i>The bomber was created</i>
<i>at the beginning of the 20th century -</i>

8
00:00:42,400 --> 00:00:45,000
<i>- as a symbol</i>
<i>on modern warfare.</i>

9
00:00:46,000 --> 00:00:50,160
Before soldiers fought
for the family at home -

10
00:00:50,320 --> 00:00:52,640
- so they could be safe.

11
00:00:52,800 --> 00:00:56,440
The problem with the bombing raids
during World War II -

12
00:00:56,600 --> 00:01:00,920
- was that the family had to fight
their own battles.

13
00:01:05,760 --> 00:01:10,320
Suddenly you are in danger,
when drinking tea in the living room.

14
00:01:11,480 --> 00:01:15,400
<i>Bombs falling from B-24s.</i>

15
00:01:15,560 --> 00:01:19,680
<i>Collapsed buildings.</i>
<i>The mushroom cloud.</i>

16
00:01:22,240 --> 00:01:25,000
<i>These images define</i>
2. World War.</i>

17
00:01:25,160 --> 00:01:30,040
<i>No weapon system has been assigned</i>
<i>such large investments -</i>

18
00:01:30,200 --> 00:01:34,160
<i>- manpower or innovation,</i>
<i>or been so destructive.</i>

19
00:01:34,320 --> 00:01:38,760
During World War II
is aircraft a decisive element.

20
00:01:38,920 --> 00:01:43,840
One cannot perform
a successful campaign or attack -

21
00:01:44,000 --> 00:01:47,080
- without having air superiority.

22
00:01:47,240 --> 00:01:49,800
<i>And it all started with balloons.</i>

23
00:01:56,480 --> 00:02:00,160
<i>From the early start of the war</i>
<i>have armies tried to hurl -</i>

24
00:02:00,320 --> 00:02:04,840
<i>- destructible items through</i>
<i>the air and down on the enemy's head.</i>

25
00:02:09,120 --> 00:02:14,800
<i>The predecessors of the bombers are</i>
<i>arrows, catapults, throwing machines -</i>

26
00:02:14,960 --> 00:02:18,360
<i>- and gentle in antiquity</i>
<i>and the Middle Ages.</i>

27
00:02:20,440 --> 00:02:23,920
<i>When you got the gunpowder,</i>
<i>did they make cannons-</i>

28
00:02:24,080 --> 00:02:26,480
- <i>field artillery and mortars.</i>

29
00:02:29,680 --> 00:02:32,360
<i>Firepower from the sky</i>
<i>has a history-</i>

30
00:02:32,520 --> 00:02:34,440
- <i>which is developing rapidly -</i>

31
00:02:34,600 --> 00:02:38,680
<i>- from the unlikely beginning</i>
<i>in the middle of the 19th century.</i>

32
00:02:45,200 --> 00:02:48,440
<i>In 1849 sent</i>
<i>the Austrian Empire-</i>

33
00:02:48,600 --> 00:02:54,480
<i>- 200 paper balloons with bombs</i>
<i>into the Venetian Republic.</i>

34
00:02:54,640 --> 00:02:59,680
<i>The damage was very limited,</i>
<i>but they triggered a new kind of fear.</i>

35
00:02:59,840 --> 00:03:03,320
<i>Less than 100 years later</i>
<i>Hiroshima was laid waste.</i>

36
00:03:05,600 --> 00:03:09,000
<i>Four years before the Wright brothers</i>
<i>first flight -</i>

37
00:03:09,160 --> 00:03:12,240
<i>- did you take this new threat</i>
<i>serious enough to -</i>

38
00:03:12,400 --> 00:03:18,840
<i>- that the Hague Peace Conference in 1899</i>
<i>banned "explosives from balloons".</i>

39
00:03:19,000 --> 00:03:22,800
When it was realized that the bomber
could be used in this way -

40
00:03:22,960 --> 00:03:28,800
- international agreements were entered into
to prohibit that use.

41
00:03:32,040 --> 00:03:36,400
<i>The ban was reinforced by</i>
<i>second Hague Conference in 1907 -</i>

42
00:03:36,560 --> 00:03:39,720
<i>- as declared,</i>
<i>that “any attack -</i>

43
00:03:39,880 --> 00:03:42,840
<i>- on cities, villages or</i>
<i>buildings,</i>

44
00:03:43,000 --> 00:03:45,480
<i>which is not defended, is prohibited.”</i>

45
00:03:45,640 --> 00:03:49,480
All the moral considerations
appeared -

46
00:03:49,640 --> 00:03:55,840
- because now there is not only speech
about battle between soldiers -

47
00:03:56,000 --> 00:03:58,680
- but about attacks on civilians.

48
00:04:02,600 --> 00:04:08,120
The general view was,
since international lawyers -

49
00:04:08,280 --> 00:04:10,920
- began to consider the problems -

50
00:04:11,080 --> 00:04:16,640
- that bombing civilians
just to bomb civilians -

51
00:04:16,800 --> 00:04:20,680
- did not conform
with international law.

52
00:04:29,920 --> 00:04:33,080
<i>Debates arose about</i>
<i>of the bombing</i>

53
00:04:33,240 --> 00:04:36,160
<i>morality, legitimacy and effectiveness-</i>

54
00:04:36,320 --> 00:04:41,160
<i>- and the debate, which colors history,</i>
<i>continues to this day.</i>

55
00:04:42,600 --> 00:04:45,840
Unfortunately, the agreements did not last long.

56
00:04:47,120 --> 00:04:53,160
<i>Warring nations rarely follow</i>
<i>the rules that are introduced in peacetime.</i>

57
00:04:54,480 --> 00:04:57,040
<i>Japan used balloons</i>
<i>against Russia-</i>

58
00:04:57,200 --> 00:05:01,520
- <i>in Manchuria in 1904-1905.</i>

59
00:05:01,680 --> 00:05:06,880
<i>So did the Italians</i>
<i>in Libya in 1911-1912.</i>

60
00:05:07,040 --> 00:05:12,480
<i>But on 1 November 1911</i>
<i>the Italians went one step further.</i>

61
00:05:21,440 --> 00:05:23,600
<i>1 November 1911 -</i>

62
00:05:23,760 --> 00:05:30,000
<i>- Lieutenant Giulio Gavotti sat down</i>
<i>in his Etrich Taube monoplane.</i>

63
00:05:31,320 --> 00:05:33,560
<i>During the invasion of Libya -</i>

64
00:05:33,720 --> 00:05:37,920
<i>- he was going on a reconnaissance tour</i>
<i>over the Ain Zara oasis.</i>

65
00:05:38,920 --> 00:05:41,360
<i>But instead of</i>
<i>just flying over-</i>

66
00:05:41,520 --> 00:05:45,720
<i>- Gavotti became the first,</i>
<i>who carried out a bombing raid.</i>

67
00:05:48,320 --> 00:05:50,920
The Italians used hand grenades -

68
00:05:51,080 --> 00:05:57,000
- was thrown from the cockpit
against Ethiopian soldiers in 1911.

69
00:05:59,000 --> 00:06:02,920
During World War I
technology developed rapidly.

70
00:06:06,200 --> 00:06:08,960
<i>Both aircraft and weapons</i>
<i>could be made bigger.</i>

71
00:06:12,400 --> 00:06:17,560
<i>The new weapon, a distant relative</i>
<i>of the hand grenade, was the bomb.</i>

72
00:06:20,040 --> 00:06:23,280
<i>The name implies</i>
<i>to the effect and the sound -</i>

73
00:06:23,440 --> 00:06:26,400
<i>- and bombs consist</i>
<i>of five main parts:</i>

74
00:06:26,560 --> 00:06:28,520
<i>An outer shell.</i>

75
00:06:28,680 --> 00:06:32,440
<i>Directional stabilizing fins.</i>

76
00:06:32,600 --> 00:06:34,720
<i>The explosive inside.</i>

77
00:06:34,880 --> 00:06:38,640
<i>One or more fuses,</i>
<i>that ignites the bomb.</i>

78
00:06:38,800 --> 00:06:43,400
<i>A mechanism for arming the fuse</i>
<i>and prepare the blast.</i>

79
00:06:43,560 --> 00:06:48,960
<i>Bombs differ from</i>
<i>grenades, missiles and torpedoes.</i>

80
00:06:49,120 --> 00:06:51,840
<i>They don't get shot</i>
<i>through the air or the water-</i>

81
00:06:52,000 --> 00:06:55,760
<i>- but reaches the goal</i>
<i>alone with the help of gravity.</i>

82
00:06:58,680 --> 00:07:03,120
<i>Among the most common bombs</i>
<i>can be mentioned mine bombs -</i>

83
00:07:03,280 --> 00:07:08,200
<i>- fragmentation bombs,</i>
<i>armour-piercing bombs -</i>

84
00:07:08,360 --> 00:07:10,720
- <i>and incendiary bombs.</i>

85
00:07:11,960 --> 00:07:14,760
<i>But one principle is common</i>
<i>for all of them:</i>

86
00:07:14,920 --> 00:07:19,000
<i>Energy is released</i>
<i>sudden and violent.</i>

87
00:07:34,720 --> 00:07:39,200
<i>During the fighting during World War 1,</i>
<i>especially on the western front-</i>

88
00:07:39,360 --> 00:07:41,680
- <i>ended in a stalemate -</i>

89
00:07:41,840 --> 00:07:47,600
<i>- saw the potential for destruction</i>
<i>from above and supported the idea.</i>

90
00:07:47,760 --> 00:07:54,000
<i>Now the race began</i>
<i>about inventing and refining airplanes.</i>

91
00:07:56,720 --> 00:08:01,560
But before World War I had
most countries do not have a clear plan -

92
00:08:01,720 --> 00:08:04,640
- for the use of aircraft against cities.

93
00:08:04,800 --> 00:08:06,600
They weren't capable of that at all.

94
00:08:08,800 --> 00:08:12,640
Most aircraft in 1914
could only lift the pilot -

95
00:08:12,800 --> 00:08:16,680
- not a burden of importance,
and the range was quite short.

96
00:08:18,760 --> 00:08:24,520
<i>In May 1915 Italy had</i>
<i>The West's most advanced bomber.</i>

97
00:08:24,680 --> 00:08:29,400
<i>Large three-engined Caproni aircraft,</i>
<i>of which over 800 were built.</i>

98
00:08:29,560 --> 00:08:33,640
<i>The biggest of them could carry</i>
<i>a ton of ammunition.</i>

99
00:08:34,840 --> 00:08:40,040
<i>Among other things because they often crashed,</i>
<i>they did limited damage.</i>

100
00:08:46,520 --> 00:08:49,800
<i>A more advanced aircraft</i>
<i>was on the eastern front.</i>

101
00:08:49,960 --> 00:08:53,200
<i>The Sikorsky four-engine biplane.</i>

102
00:08:53,360 --> 00:08:57,360
<i>The strongest variant,</i>
<i>with Russian Renault engines -</i>

103
00:08:57,520 --> 00:09:00,360
<i>- could ship</i>
<i>almost 800 kilos of bombs -</i>

104
00:09:00,520 --> 00:09:05,880
<i>- and had seven machine guns,</i>
<i>a toilet and a balcony.</i>

105
00:09:06,040 --> 00:09:10,280
<i>The propaganda value was probably greater</i>
<i>than the military value.</i>

106
00:09:13,440 --> 00:09:15,880
Even then I was wise -

107
00:09:16,040 --> 00:09:20,400
- that the future of flight
would take place in rather large planes -

108
00:09:20,560 --> 00:09:25,960
- and that a closed cab that provides
shelter from the wind was necessary.

109
00:09:29,120 --> 00:09:33,720
<i>British and Germans developed bombers</i>
<i>with several engines during the war.</i>

110
00:09:33,880 --> 00:09:36,680
<i>But no countries understood</i>
<i>to use them -</i>

111
00:09:36,840 --> 00:09:39,680
<i>- as part of</i>
<i>a coherent strategy.</i>

112
00:09:39,840 --> 00:09:43,440
The only ones
who were able to attack -

113
00:09:43,600 --> 00:09:46,960
- from the air at the beginning of the war,
were the Germans.

114
00:09:47,120 --> 00:09:52,080
They had airships, created by
von Zeppelin around the turn of the century.

115
00:09:52,240 --> 00:09:56,600
But the Zeppelin could be transported -

116
00:09:56,760 --> 00:10:00,400
- many passengers or bombs.

117
00:10:01,680 --> 00:10:05,720
<i>In 1900 Count von Zeppelin had,</i>
<i>a retired German general -</i>

118
00:10:05,880 --> 00:10:11,240
<i>- flew its first airship, LZ 1,</i>
<i>over Lake Constance in southern Germany.</i>

119
00:10:11,400 --> 00:10:17,240
<i>The airship flew for 20 minutes,</i>
<i>before it was damaged during the landing.</i>

120
00:10:19,080 --> 00:10:23,200
<i>The design was adjusted, and Germany</i>
<i>was first out with bombing raids -</i>

121
00:10:23,360 --> 00:10:27,400
<i>- that took advantage of the airships</i>
<i>range and load capacity.</i>

122
00:10:35,200 --> 00:10:40,360
<i>Airships were filled with hydrogen</i>
<i>inside a wooden or steel frame.</i>

123
00:10:40,520 --> 00:10:47,120
<i>These cells meant that the shape</i>
<i>was protected by the hard skeleton.</i>

124
00:10:47,280 --> 00:10:50,840
<i>Several engines outside the skeleton -</i>

125
00:10:51,000 --> 00:10:54,920
<i>- gave the vessel a speed</i>
<i>at up to 140 km/h.</i>

126
00:10:56,280 --> 00:11:00,680
<i>A rudder steered the airship</i>
<i>to port or starboard.</i>

127
00:11:00,840 --> 00:11:07,160
<i>Ascent and descent were regulated</i>
<i>using elevator on the tail.</i>

128
00:11:07,320 --> 00:11:11,480
<i>The first flights came before the bombs</i>
<i>and threw grenades down.</i>

129
00:11:11,640 --> 00:11:15,120
<i>The airship Hindenburg is famous -</i>

130
00:11:15,280 --> 00:11:19,320
<i>- for the catastrophic</i>
<i>landing attempt in New Jersey in 1937.</i>

131
00:11:21,720 --> 00:11:25,160
<i>A drone and a sea of flame</i>
<i>close to the large tail fins -</i>

132
00:11:25,320 --> 00:11:28,360
- <i>turned the ship into an inferno.</i>

133
00:11:30,160 --> 00:11:36,360
The problem with airships is due
their great mass.

134
00:11:36,520 --> 00:11:41,840
In case of wind over 15 m/s
They are impossible to control.

135
00:11:44,120 --> 00:11:49,600
Zeppelins are too
relatively vulnerable -

136
00:11:49,760 --> 00:11:54,000
- because they are filled with hydrogen,
against defenses on the ground.

137
00:11:54,160 --> 00:12:00,080
<i>The Zeppelin was vulnerable and unstable</i>
<i>and did not become a decisive weapon -</i>

138
00:12:00,240 --> 00:12:03,040
<i>- but it showed</i>
<i>the potential of the bombing raid.</i>

139
00:12:22,120 --> 00:12:26,320
<i>19 January 1915</i>
<i>became Great Britain -</i>

140
00:12:26,480 --> 00:12:29,280
<i>- which was otherwise protected</i>
<i>of the fleet,</i>

141
00:12:29,440 --> 00:12:31,640
<i>suddenly attacked from the air.</i>

142
00:12:34,000 --> 00:12:37,080
<i>Seaside towns Great Yarmouth</i>
<i>and King's Lynn-</i>

143
00:12:37,240 --> 00:12:39,040
- <i>was hit by ten bombs.</i>

144
00:12:41,800 --> 00:12:43,720
<i>Shoemaker Samuel Smith -</i>

145
00:12:43,880 --> 00:12:49,080
<i>- and the 72-year-old Martha Taylor</i>
<i>became Britain's first victims.</i>

146
00:12:51,840 --> 00:12:57,160
<i>In the beginning many of them died,</i>
<i>thronged to look.</i>

147
00:12:57,320 --> 00:13:01,120
<i>13 deaths</i>
<i>after the Franco-British attack -</i>

148
00:13:01,280 --> 00:13:07,240
<i>- in the German city of Saarbrücken</i>
<i>due to people watching the procession -</i>

149
00:13:07,400 --> 00:13:09,720
- <i>instead of seeking shelter.</i>

150
00:13:13,400 --> 00:13:17,280
There are great advantages to flying
in relation to airships.

151
00:13:17,440 --> 00:13:21,720
First, they cost
only a fraction.

152
00:13:21,880 --> 00:13:25,600
They are much easier to build
than airships.

153
00:13:25,760 --> 00:13:30,640
You can store them in a hangar,
that is easy to build.

154
00:13:30,800 --> 00:13:35,240
<i>It took advantage of the Imperial</i>
<i>German air force quickly.</i>

155
00:13:36,760 --> 00:13:42,440
The German aircraft industry produced
large conventional aircraft.

156
00:13:42,600 --> 00:13:44,880
Multi-engine bomber.

157
00:13:48,040 --> 00:13:51,800
<i>The German Air Force</i>
<i>bomber Gotha-</i>

158
00:13:51,960 --> 00:13:55,120
<i>- was the first</i>
<i>mass-produced large aircraft.</i>

159
00:13:55,280 --> 00:13:58,960
<i>The updated G V had</i>
<i>two Mercedes engines-</i>

160
00:13:59,120 --> 00:14:03,400
- <i>with a top speed of just 140 km/h.</i>

161
00:14:03,560 --> 00:14:07,160
<i>To stay in the air</i>
<i>should it hold 90 km/h -</i>

162
00:14:07,320 --> 00:14:12,560
<i>- so the pilot had a small margin</i>
<i>to fly and maneuver the aircraft.</i>

163
00:14:13,440 --> 00:14:17,000
It is a very capable aircraft.

164
00:14:17,160 --> 00:14:19,960
It has machine guns for defense.

165
00:14:20,120 --> 00:14:22,480
It is also very slow.

166
00:14:22,640 --> 00:14:27,320
It flies at less than 150 km/h.

167
00:14:27,480 --> 00:14:31,400
The cruising speed is about 80 knots.

168
00:14:33,000 --> 00:14:39,000
<i>Gothaer Waggonfabrik built the plane</i>
<i>of steel, a wooden frame and fabric -</i>

169
00:14:39,160 --> 00:14:42,160
<i>- which was later replaced</i>
<i>of plywood.</i>

170
00:14:42,320 --> 00:14:45,960
<i>Machine guns front and rear</i>
<i>and later in the middle -</i>

171
00:14:46,120 --> 00:14:50,240
<i>- was mounted on a ring bracket</i>
<i>to provide defensive fire.</i>

172
00:14:51,520 --> 00:14:53,160
<i>The bombs hung outside.</i>

173
00:14:53,320 --> 00:14:55,960
<i>An average load</i>
<i>on a London train-</i>

174
00:14:56,120 --> 00:14:59,440
- <i>consisted of six 50 kilo bombs.</i>

175
00:14:59,600 --> 00:15:03,840
<i>More than 200 copies were made</i>
<i>in the short production time.</i>

176
00:15:05,560 --> 00:15:08,040
<i>It is difficult to combine</i>
<i>an explosive load -</i>

177
00:15:08,200 --> 00:15:10,840
<i>- with robust structure</i>
<i>and flight characteristics.</i>

178
00:15:11,000 --> 00:15:13,120
<i>It can be seen that several Gothas -</i>

179
00:15:13,280 --> 00:15:17,000
<i>- was lost in plane crashes</i>
<i>than in battle against the enemy.</i>

180
00:15:26,960 --> 00:15:30,880
<i>The first bombing raid by plane</i>
<i>was very small.</i>

181
00:15:31,040 --> 00:15:35,680
<i>It hit London</i>
<i>28 November 1916.</i>

182
00:15:35,840 --> 00:15:39,840
<i>A two-person LVG C.IV</i>
<i>crossed the Channel.</i>

183
00:15:40,000 --> 00:15:44,960
<i>Shortly before noon it threw</i>
<i>six ten-kilo bombs over London -</i>

184
00:15:45,120 --> 00:15:48,360
<i>- between Hyde Park</i>
<i>and Victoria Station.</i>

185
00:15:50,680 --> 00:15:52,360
<i>Ten were injured.</i>

186
00:15:53,800 --> 00:15:57,440
<i>When the Germans began</i>
<i>to use them in daylight -</i>

187
00:15:57,600 --> 00:15:59,800
- <i>the results were striking.</i>

188
00:15:59,960 --> 00:16:04,080
The British did not understand
how a formation -

189
00:16:04,240 --> 00:16:08,560
- by German bombers in broad daylight
could fly in unimpeded -

190
00:16:08,720 --> 00:16:13,040
- and throw bombs indiscriminately
over the population.

191
00:16:17,080 --> 00:16:22,960
<i>Bombing raids during World War 1</i>
<i>resulted in 5000 deaths in London.</i>

192
00:16:23,120 --> 00:16:25,080
<i>But despite the loss of life -</i>

193
00:16:25,240 --> 00:16:30,240
<i>- was the meaning for the result</i>
<i>of the war almost equal to zero.</i>

194
00:16:31,560 --> 00:16:35,480
It's nowhere near
World War 2 mass attacks.

195
00:16:35,640 --> 00:16:38,360
There are 20-30 bombers.

196
00:16:38,520 --> 00:16:42,720
Some of the Gotha planes
hits targets in London.

197
00:16:42,880 --> 00:16:46,000
One bomb hit Farringdon Road.

198
00:16:46,160 --> 00:16:50,720
A hall full of people.
50 died at once.

199
00:16:50,880 --> 00:16:55,000
During World War II, no one would
think about it quite a lot -

200
00:16:55,160 --> 00:16:59,040
- but in 1917 it is a shock.

201
00:16:59,200 --> 00:17:04,960
It catches the British government off guard
and creates public outrage.

202
00:17:08,720 --> 00:17:13,560
<i>The first measurable effect</i>
<i>of the bombers was on morale.</i>

203
00:17:13,720 --> 00:17:16,920
<i>Security of the civilian population</i>
<i>far from the battlefield -</i>

204
00:17:17,080 --> 00:17:20,440
- <i>was smashed by the new weapon.</i>

205
00:17:21,520 --> 00:17:24,600
<i>It was estimated that after a bombing raid -</i>

206
00:17:24,760 --> 00:17:28,840
<i>- came 90 percent of the workers</i>
<i>late for work the next day.</i>

207
00:17:33,120 --> 00:17:35,480
<i>Both sides are experimenting</i>
<i>with bombs.</i>

208
00:17:35,640 --> 00:17:37,320
<i>The damages are limited -</i>

209
00:17:37,480 --> 00:17:42,680
<i>- but air raids scare</i>
<i>defenseless troops on the ground.</i>

210
00:17:42,840 --> 00:17:46,960
<i>That's what a young German fighter pilot experiences,</i>
<i>Hermann Göring -</i>

211
00:17:47,120 --> 00:17:50,680
<i>- that must play a greater role</i>
<i>in another war.</i>

212
00:18:01,160 --> 00:18:04,920
<i>After the armistice in 1918</i>
<i>became the role of the bomber -</i>

213
00:18:05,080 --> 00:18:11,080
<i>- and the panic and fear it instilled,</i>
<i>refined by the western powers.</i>

214
00:18:11,240 --> 00:18:14,960
The idea of attacking cities
and the civilian population in them -

215
00:18:15,120 --> 00:18:18,720
- to break down the will to resist -

216
00:18:18,880 --> 00:18:24,520
- attributed to an Italian general
named Giulio Douhet.

217
00:18:24,680 --> 00:18:26,960
GENERAL GIULIO DOUHET
AIR FORCE THEORIST

218
00:18:27,120 --> 00:18:31,400
Douhet's influence grows -

219
00:18:31,560 --> 00:18:38,520
- some in the 1920s,
and his thoughts fall on good ground.

220
00:18:38,680 --> 00:18:44,440
Air Force Thinkers
in USA, UK -

221
00:18:44,600 --> 00:18:48,280
- Germany, France,
Italy and Russia -

222
00:18:48,440 --> 00:18:52,520
- everyone thinks about,
how the bomber can be used.

223
00:18:55,800 --> 00:19:00,680
At one point he said,
that the damage to the will and morals of the people -

224
00:19:00,840 --> 00:19:02,880
- is the actual aim of the bombing.

225
00:19:03,040 --> 00:19:06,400
The two words, will and morality -

226
00:19:06,560 --> 00:19:09,960
- became the password for it,
we today call terror.

227
00:19:10,120 --> 00:19:14,120
Douhet said:
"Everyone becomes a combatant."

228
00:19:14,280 --> 00:19:17,880
"There will be no difference
on soldiers and civilians."

229
00:19:20,320 --> 00:19:24,480
<i>This is how the future should be,</i>
<i>and that was the entry of the bomber -</i>

230
00:19:24,640 --> 00:19:27,800
<i>- more than any other aspect</i>
<i>of World War 1 -</i>

231
00:19:27,960 --> 00:19:31,760
<i>- which should influence</i>
<i>interwar politics.</i>

232
00:19:33,360 --> 00:19:38,080
In interwar Europe
the fear of air raids grew.

233
00:19:38,240 --> 00:19:41,640
There were films like H.G. Wells'
"The War to Come" -

234
00:19:41,800 --> 00:19:44,720
- with a dystopian future
full of bombing raids.

235
00:19:48,800 --> 00:19:52,960
There were politicians who scared
the masses in Britain.

236
00:19:54,040 --> 00:19:57,680
<i>There is an outbreak in the parliament</i>
<i>storm about aircraft armament.</i>

237
00:19:57,840 --> 00:20:02,880
<i>Since Germany took the Rhineland</i>
<i>and power politics began all over again-</i>

238
00:20:03,040 --> 00:20:06,960
<i>- has the issue of rearmament</i>
<i>of the air force stood centrally.</i>

239
00:20:08,160 --> 00:20:11,080
<i>The government's answer is:</i>
<i>"Don't panic."</i>

240
00:20:11,240 --> 00:20:15,160
<i>Chamberlain has supported</i>
<i>Air Minister Lord Swinton.</i>

241
00:20:15,320 --> 00:20:20,960
<i>The latter presents plans</i>
<i>about 3500 aircraft before March 1940.</i>

242
00:20:21,120 --> 00:20:24,680
<i>Is 3500 in two years enough?</i>

243
00:20:27,040 --> 00:20:29,840
The Cambridge Academician
G. Lowes Dickinson -

244
00:20:30,000 --> 00:20:34,040
- summed up the new fear in 1923:

245
00:20:34,200 --> 00:20:39,160
"Does not man put an end to war,
put an end to war on man."

246
00:20:39,320 --> 00:20:44,680
World War 1 is so devastating
for all participating countries -

247
00:20:44,840 --> 00:20:50,240
- and the losses after trench warfare
are so big -

248
00:20:50,400 --> 00:20:55,000
- that a future war
of this type is unthinkable.

249
00:20:56,920 --> 00:21:02,160
If you were an officer
and had experienced World War I -

250
00:21:02,320 --> 00:21:07,400
- and seen tens of thousands of comrades
be slaughtered in the trenches -

251
00:21:07,560 --> 00:21:11,280
- was determined to find
a better way to fight.

252
00:21:25,040 --> 00:21:30,280
<i>In May 1920 Great Britain stood</i>
<i>with an uprising in Iraq.</i>

253
00:21:34,200 --> 00:21:39,200
<i>It was knocked down, but it had to</i>
<i>more than 100,000 soldiers are deployed.</i>

254
00:21:40,480 --> 00:21:45,360
<i>Thousands of Arabs died,</i>
<i>hundreds of British and Indians -</i>

255
00:21:45,520 --> 00:21:48,960
<i>- and the battles cost</i>
<i>several tens of millions of pounds.</i>

256
00:21:50,600 --> 00:21:54,240
<i>An alternative tactic was needed.</i>

257
00:21:54,400 --> 00:21:59,000
<i>Winston Churchill, Minister of War i</i>
<i>Lloyd George's coalition government -</i>

258
00:21:59,160 --> 00:22:03,080
<i>- had to reconcile major cuts</i>
<i>in the military budget with the demand for -</i>

259
00:22:03,240 --> 00:22:07,240
<i>- to hold fast</i>
<i>in the farthest corners of the empire.</i>

260
00:22:09,160 --> 00:22:14,920
<i>Churchill wrote: “A saving</i>
<i>may be possible in the current year -</i>

261
00:22:15,080 --> 00:22:20,680
<i>- by retaining Mesopotamia</i>
<i>with the air force and not the military.”</i>

262
00:22:21,760 --> 00:22:24,800
<i>Churchill called</i>
<i>the "air control" tactic.</i>

263
00:22:31,480 --> 00:22:34,720
<i>The Iraqi insurgency</i>
<i>was partially defeated-</i>

264
00:22:34,880 --> 00:22:37,400
- <i>using RAF squadrons -</i>

265
00:22:37,560 --> 00:22:40,640
<i>- listed by the Churchills</i>
<i>Chief of Air Staff,</i>

266
00:22:40,800 --> 00:22:42,160
<i>Hugh Trenchard.</i>

267
00:22:43,480 --> 00:22:47,160
The new air force RAF
fighting for its existence -

268
00:22:47,320 --> 00:22:50,640
- against the army and navy.

269
00:22:50,800 --> 00:22:54,400
Here we see that the thought
on independent flight missions -

270
00:22:54,560 --> 00:23:00,400
- things that only airplanes can do,
prioritized by Hugh Trenchard.

271
00:23:00,560 --> 00:23:05,960
He has great influence
in the RAF in the interwar period.

272
00:23:09,480 --> 00:23:14,160
<i>The success convinced the RAF that,</i>
<i>that bombs alone could win wars.</i>

273
00:23:18,200 --> 00:23:22,040
<i>That's what it meant anyway</i>
<i>a young officer in Iraq -</i>

274
00:23:22,200 --> 00:23:26,200
<i>- Arthur Harris, as 20 years later</i>
<i>was to lead Bomber Command -</i>

275
00:23:26,360 --> 00:23:28,880
<i>- through most of it</i>
<i>of World War 2.</i>

276
00:23:41,840 --> 00:23:46,240
<i>In 1935, Benito Mussolini had,</i>
<i>Fascist leader of Italy -</i>

277
00:23:46,400 --> 00:23:49,720
<i>- assumed Hitler's plans</i>
<i>on expanding the empire.</i>

278
00:23:49,880 --> 00:23:53,920
<i>He chose independent Ethiopia</i>
<i>as his first goal.</i>

279
00:23:57,480 --> 00:24:00,240
<i>Italian troops entered</i>
<i>in Ethiopia -</i>

280
00:24:00,400 --> 00:24:04,080
<i>- and the first bombs fell</i>
<i>over Adowa on October 3.</i>

281
00:24:12,960 --> 00:24:19,920
<i>Further south, the Red Cross works,</i>
<i>while the casualty numbers rise.</i>

282
00:24:20,080 --> 00:24:23,920
<i>They are in danger of destruction</i>
<i>from bombs that have exploded -</i>

283
00:24:24,080 --> 00:24:28,640
<i>- some of their buildings,</i>
<i>camps and much of their equipment.</i>

284
00:24:28,800 --> 00:24:32,400
<i>Although Italy signed</i>
<i>Treaty of Geneva in 1925 -</i>

285
00:24:32,560 --> 00:24:35,040
- <i>which banned chemical weapons -</i>

286
00:24:35,200 --> 00:24:40,560
<i>- the bombs contained mustard gas,</i>
<i>as an Ethiopian leader, Ras Imru -</i>

287
00:24:40,720 --> 00:24:45,040
<i>- called “the terrible rain,</i>
<i>that burned and killed".</i>

288
00:24:50,440 --> 00:24:53,680
<i>Vittorio Mussolini,</i>
<i>son of the Italian leader -</i>

289
00:24:53,840 --> 00:24:57,280
<i>- got a medal</i>
<i>for heroism in the air.</i>

290
00:24:57,440 --> 00:24:59,840
<i>He bombed</i>
<i>defenseless villages.</i>

291
00:25:04,640 --> 00:25:08,600
<i>He said: “The bombing of Adowa</i>
<i>was not satisfactory.”</i>

292
00:25:08,760 --> 00:25:11,800
<i>"There were only small cabins -</i>

293
00:25:11,960 --> 00:25:15,120
<i>- that crashed</i>
<i>without smoke or flames -</i>

294
00:25:15,280 --> 00:25:18,480
<i>- as you can see</i>
<i>in American movies.”</i>

295
00:25:22,440 --> 00:25:26,520
<i>The 5th of May 1936,</i>
<i>after seven months of fighting -</i>

296
00:25:26,680 --> 00:25:29,600
<i>- led Marshal Badoglio</i>
<i>the Italian troops -</i>

297
00:25:29,760 --> 00:25:33,800
<i>- into the Ethiopian capital,</i>
<i>Addis Ababa.</i>

298
00:25:33,960 --> 00:25:38,280
<i>Just over 1000 Italians were dead.</i>

299
00:25:38,440 --> 00:25:42,560
<i>After bombing,</i>
<i>poison gas and massacres -</i>

300
00:25:42,720 --> 00:25:44,960
- <i>the Ethiopian losses were countless.</i>

301
00:25:50,320 --> 00:25:55,480
<i>With his unprovoked attack had</i>
<i>he disturbed the world order.</i>

302
00:25:58,120 --> 00:26:03,280
<i>Two weeks after the invasion</i>
<i>said Hitler to his officers:</i>

303
00:26:03,440 --> 00:26:06,960
<i>"Arm up and get ready.</i>
<i>Europe is stirring again."</i>

304
00:26:07,120 --> 00:26:10,000
<i>"If we are smart, we win."</i>

305
00:26:10,160 --> 00:26:16,200
<i>The driver's upgrade in the Rhineland,</i>
<i>Franco's coup in Spain -</i>

306
00:26:16,360 --> 00:26:21,000
-<i>and Austria</i>'s Anschluss
<i>followed shortly thereafter.</i>

307
00:26:23,400 --> 00:26:30,240
However, <i>Europe and the Middle East were not</i>
<i>The first victims of bombers in the 1930s.</i>

308
00:26:30,400 --> 00:26:32,560
<i>Those were the big cities in China-</i>

309
00:26:32,720 --> 00:26:37,240
<i>- that was at war with the Japanese</i>
<i>Empire of Manchuria.</i>

310
00:26:56,720 --> 00:27:01,720
<i>On October 8, 1931, the Japanese flew</i>
<i>from the capital of Manchuria -</i>

311
00:27:01,880 --> 00:27:05,240
<i>- to bomb Jinzhou,</i>
<i>which showed Japan's goal -</i>

312
00:27:05,400 --> 00:27:08,600
<i>- about checking</i>
<i>China's northeastern provinces.</i>

313
00:27:10,200 --> 00:27:14,400
<i>After Chinese boycott</i>
<i>of Japanese goods in return -</i>

314
00:27:14,560 --> 00:27:16,920
- <i>became Japanese ships</i>
<i>sent to Shanghai-</i>

315
00:27:17,080 --> 00:27:20,440
<i>- in the first great battle</i>
<i>with aircraft carriers in East Asia.</i>

316
00:27:24,080 --> 00:27:28,880
<i>At midnight on January 28, 1932 -</i>

317
00:27:29,040 --> 00:27:33,600
<i>- sent the Japanese ship Notoro</i>
<i>several of his E1Y planes on the wings.</i>

318
00:27:36,520 --> 00:27:40,880
<i>They were obsolete and could only</i>
<i>carry 200 kilos of ammunition.</i>

319
00:27:41,040 --> 00:27:44,280
<i>They bombed and shelled</i>
<i>Chapei sector in Shanghai -</i>

320
00:27:44,440 --> 00:27:48,920
<i>- whose fragile buildings</i>
<i>was easily destroyed.</i>

321
00:27:49,080 --> 00:27:53,080
<i>The Chinese Air Force</i>
<i>sent nine planes to Hongqiao -</i>

322
00:27:53,240 --> 00:27:58,080
<i>- and the first dogfight between</i>
<i>Chinese and Japanese planes followed.</i>

323
00:27:58,240 --> 00:28:00,600
<i>Neither party suffered loss.</i>

324
00:28:02,640 --> 00:28:06,280
The Chinese Air Force used
American, British -

325
00:28:06,440 --> 00:28:09,240
- and Italian fighters,
most biplanes.

326
00:28:09,400 --> 00:28:15,320
They had Martin B10 bombers
and early Heinkel He 111 models.

327
00:28:15,480 --> 00:28:20,320
The Japanese used theirs
Mitsubishi G3M bomber.

328
00:28:22,600 --> 00:28:28,200
The G3M was a good design,
and what the Japanese were after -

329
00:28:28,360 --> 00:28:33,040
- was long range, high speed,
and the ability to fly high.

330
00:28:34,720 --> 00:28:37,240
<i>Mitsubishi G3M "Rikko" -</i>

331
00:28:37,400 --> 00:28:41,040
- <i>a Japanese twin-engine bomber-</i>

332
00:28:41,200 --> 00:28:44,760
<i>- was used a lot</i>
<i>both in and outside matches.</i>

333
00:28:44,920 --> 00:28:48,880
<i>It was included in naval missions,</i>
<i>patrols, VIP transport -</i>

334
00:28:49,040 --> 00:28:52,280
<i>- conventional bombing</i>
<i>and torpedo bombing.</i>

335
00:28:53,680 --> 00:28:55,640
<i>With a crew of seven-</i>

336
00:28:55,800 --> 00:29:00,840
<i>- and two Mitsubishi Kinsei air-cooled</i>
<i>piston engines with 14 cylinders -</i>

337
00:29:01,000 --> 00:29:06,400
- <i>had G3M</i>
<i>a top speed of 375 km/h-</i>

338
00:29:06,560 --> 00:29:11,400
<i>- and a range</i>
<i>a total of 4400 kilometers.</i>

339
00:29:11,560 --> 00:29:13,640
It gave the Japanese the advantage -

340
00:29:13,800 --> 00:29:16,920
- to be able to reach further into China.

341
00:29:17,080 --> 00:29:22,240
So to be able to protect
the Chinese had to remove targets -

342
00:29:22,400 --> 00:29:24,560
- spread the fighters thinly.

343
00:29:26,360 --> 00:29:31,960
<i>They were armed with</i>
<i>a 20 mm cannon in the rear turret -</i>

344
00:29:32,120 --> 00:29:38,880
<i>- a retractable tower in front,</i>
<i>two machine guns in the cockpit -</i>

345
00:29:39,040 --> 00:29:45,560
<i>- positions on the left and right side</i>
<i>and two unique blister positions.</i>

346
00:29:45,720 --> 00:29:48,920
<i>The cargo consisted of 800 kilos of bombs -</i>

347
00:29:49,080 --> 00:29:53,640
- <i>or one aerial torpedo.</i>

348
00:29:57,480 --> 00:30:00,840
ASTURIA, OCTOBER 1934

349
00:30:05,040 --> 00:30:11,160
<i>In October 1934 there was a strike</i>
<i>among miners in Asturias -</i>

350
00:30:11,320 --> 00:30:17,360
<i>- that could easily develop into</i>
<i>armed revolution. It failed.</i>

351
00:30:19,120 --> 00:30:21,760
<i>Spain's air force bombed</i>
<i>its own territory -</i>

352
00:30:21,920 --> 00:30:25,680
<i>- and the Spanish Foreign Legion</i>
<i>and African army -</i>

353
00:30:25,840 --> 00:30:29,560
<i>- overrun villages</i>
<i>with the brutality of an invasion force.</i>

354
00:30:33,280 --> 00:30:36,080
<i>They were listed</i>
<i>by General Francisco Franco -</i>

355
00:30:36,240 --> 00:30:39,200
<i>- as, having fought down</i>
<i>the uprising in two weeks -</i>

356
00:30:39,360 --> 00:30:43,240
<i>- with up to 2000 dead,</i>
<i>was promoted.</i>

357
00:30:44,480 --> 00:30:47,120
<i>Unrest center of European politics-</i>

358
00:30:47,280 --> 00:30:51,840
<i>- has moved to Spain,</i>
<i>where the election has caused a great stir.</i>

359
00:30:53,600 --> 00:30:56,000
<i>The voters are horizontally to the left -</i>

360
00:30:56,160 --> 00:31:00,280
<i>- and there is a mood of rebellion</i>
<i>and strong feelings on both sides.</i>

361
00:31:03,600 --> 00:31:08,840
<i>After the Popular Front won</i>
<i>the government in February 1936 -</i>

362
00:31:09,000 --> 00:31:12,960
<i>- became Franco and others</i>
<i>right-wing pushed aside.</i>

363
00:31:13,120 --> 00:31:15,840
<i>He became governor</i>
<i>for the Canary Islands -</i>

364
00:31:16,000 --> 00:31:22,440
<i>- where he on 17 July 1936</i>
<i>helped start the civil war.</i>

365
00:31:26,640 --> 00:31:30,080
<i>The right-wing forces,</i>
<i>so-called nationalists-</i>

366
00:31:30,240 --> 00:31:33,240
<i>- would overthrow the newly elected</i>
<i>republican government.</i>

367
00:31:33,400 --> 00:31:37,800
<i>They got military help</i>
<i>from other right-wing regimes.</i>

368
00:31:38,960 --> 00:31:42,040
<i>Mussolini in Italy</i>
<i>and Hitler in Germany.</i>

369
00:31:43,200 --> 00:31:48,160
It was pure opportunism
on the part of Adolf Hitler.

370
00:31:48,320 --> 00:31:50,800
He wanted to establish Germany's role -

371
00:31:50,960 --> 00:31:56,680
- as the leader of the right wing
and the fascist movements in Europe.

372
00:31:58,840 --> 00:32:03,840
<i>It was a battlefield where the countries</i>
<i>could test new weapons and tactics.</i>

373
00:32:04,000 --> 00:32:08,560
<i>The fascists supported the right,</i>
<i>and the Soviets supported the republicans.</i>

374
00:32:15,920 --> 00:32:19,800
<i>For three years Spain was</i>
<i>a fierce battlefield -</i>

375
00:32:19,960 --> 00:32:23,280
<i>- with shocking acts of violence</i>
<i>on all pages.</i>

376
00:32:25,080 --> 00:32:28,520
<i>Germany sent its volunteer</i>
<i>Air Force, Legion Condor -</i>

377
00:32:28,680 --> 00:32:30,520
- <i>of approximately 5000.</i>

378
00:32:30,680 --> 00:32:36,360
<i>Italy sent air and ground forces</i>
<i>of over 50,000 men.</i>

379
00:32:36,520 --> 00:32:41,240
<i>Over 100 Italian SM.79s</i>
<i>functioned as a bomber -</i>

380
00:32:41,400 --> 00:32:45,360
<i>- for Aviazione Legionaria</i>
<i>during the Spanish Civil War.</i>

381
00:32:45,520 --> 00:32:48,720
<i>Only four of them remained</i>
<i>reported missing in action.</i>

382
00:32:53,320 --> 00:32:59,200
<i>Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 Sparviero,</i>
<i>"sparrow hawk" in Italian -</i>

383
00:32:59,360 --> 00:33:04,400
- <i>was the fastest bomber of the time.</i>

384
00:33:06,240 --> 00:33:12,680
<i>It could reach 430 km/h</i>
<i>at 4250 meters altitude -</i>

385
00:33:12,840 --> 00:33:18,320
<i>- and had a marching speed</i>
<i>at 373 km/h at 5000 meters.</i>

386
00:33:19,720 --> 00:33:24,120
<i>It was famous for its shape</i>
<i>and was called Gobo Maledetto.</i>

387
00:33:24,280 --> 00:33:26,160
<i>"That damn hunchback."</i>

388
00:33:27,720 --> 00:33:31,840
<i>The construction in metal and wood</i>
<i>was easy enough to -</i>

389
00:33:32,000 --> 00:33:35,680
<i>- to stay afloat for a half</i>
<i>hour when landing on water.</i>

390
00:33:35,840 --> 00:33:40,720
<i>The large front engine provided</i>
<i>some protection against anti-aircraft fire.</i>

391
00:33:45,040 --> 00:33:48,960
<i>SM.79 was heavily armed</i>
<i>by the standards of the 1930s -</i>

392
00:33:49,120 --> 00:33:52,000
<i>- with five Breda-SAFAT</i>
<i>machine guns.</i>

393
00:33:53,680 --> 00:33:57,040
<i>The bomb bay held</i>
<i>the bombs vertically-</i>

394
00:33:57,200 --> 00:34:00,800
<i>- so that they did not have to be stored</i>
<i>inside the plane.</i>

395
00:34:03,960 --> 00:34:08,320
<i>SM.79 was produced</i>
<i>in 1300 copies -</i>

396
00:34:08,480 --> 00:34:12,080
<i>- and was of the war</i>
<i>most widely used Italian bombers.</i>

397
00:34:33,120 --> 00:34:36,000
<i>In the Battle of Guadalajara i</i>
<i>March 1937</i>

398
00:34:36,160 --> 00:34:38,360
<i>had the Republicans sent -</i>

399
00:34:38,520 --> 00:34:42,000
<i>- Italian soldiers</i>
<i>in hasty retreat.</i>

400
00:34:44,200 --> 00:34:49,280
<i>A few weeks later, German bombers</i>
<i>attack a militarily insignificant city -</i>

401
00:34:49,440 --> 00:34:52,240
<i>- which has become a continuous</i>
<i>symbol</i>

402
00:34:52,400 --> 00:34:54,360
<i>on the bombing of civilians.</i>

403
00:34:55,720 --> 00:34:58,560
<i>Legion Condor</i>
<i>arrived over Guernica-</i>

404
00:34:58,720 --> 00:35:03,080
-<i>at 4:30 p.m.</i>
<i>April 26, 1937...</i>

405
00:35:05,040 --> 00:35:07,840
<i>... with a squadron</i>
<i>Junkers Ju 52s-</i>

406
00:35:08,000 --> 00:35:13,600
<i>- some Dornier Do 17s</i>
<i>and three SM.79 Sparvieri.</i>

407
00:35:15,040 --> 00:35:19,640
If people remember one episode
from the air war in Spain -

408
00:35:19,800 --> 00:35:25,840
- must be the Legion Condors
attack on Guernica.

409
00:35:28,240 --> 00:35:32,760
They are still equipped
with improvised Ju 52 bombers -

410
00:35:32,920 --> 00:35:36,120
- with a very primitive bombsight.

411
00:35:37,920 --> 00:35:40,480
They cannot hit precise targets.

412
00:35:40,640 --> 00:35:46,320
The best goal is
a village just behind the front line -

413
00:35:46,480 --> 00:35:52,960
- because in that village the enemy must have
their logistics and equipment.

414
00:35:53,120 --> 00:35:57,960
You can't hit precise targets,
so you simply carpet bomb.

415
00:36:05,960 --> 00:36:08,760
<i>The attack on Guernica killed 1000.</i>

416
00:36:08,920 --> 00:36:13,480
<i>One eighth</i>
<i>of the city's defenseless inhabitants.</i>

417
00:36:14,760 --> 00:36:17,920
The main objective of the attack -

418
00:36:18,080 --> 00:36:21,520
- was not what we are today
will call a terrorist attack.

419
00:36:21,680 --> 00:36:27,320
But the fact is that the Legion Condor
bombed without thought for the civilians.

420
00:36:27,480 --> 00:36:32,200
The first use of the term
"weapons of mass destruction" -

421
00:36:32,360 --> 00:36:36,880
- referred to
the bombing raid on Guernica.

422
00:36:37,040 --> 00:36:42,320
<i>Göring from the air force did not mean,</i>
<i>that Germany had a choice.</i>

423
00:36:42,480 --> 00:36:45,000
<i>"We could not test the machines</i>
<i>elsewhere.”</i>

424
00:36:49,480 --> 00:36:55,120
<i>Hitler said: “Franco should leave</i>
<i>a monument to the Junkers Ju 52.”</i>

425
00:36:55,280 --> 00:36:59,880
<i>“It was that plane,</i>
<i>who won the Spanish Revolution.”</i>

426
00:37:03,840 --> 00:37:09,200
<i>The attack was perpetuated</i>
<i>by Pablo Picasso.</i>

427
00:37:09,360 --> 00:37:12,480
<i>He made a big painting,</i>
<i>that showed</i>

428
00:37:12,640 --> 00:37:15,040
<i>the ferocity and chaos of the attack.</i>

429
00:37:17,360 --> 00:37:22,960
But these thoughts of attacking cities
creates a panic and reaction -

430
00:37:23,120 --> 00:37:27,440
- as many theorists had
talked about in the 1920s and 1930s.

431
00:37:27,600 --> 00:37:33,000
But it creates that myth -

432
00:37:33,160 --> 00:37:39,840
- that the Luftwaffe in 1937
could destroy entire cities.

433
00:37:40,000 --> 00:37:46,680
Now the top are thinking
French and British politicians:

434
00:37:46,840 --> 00:37:50,200
“Oh no, they can level
Paris with the earth!"

435
00:38:03,200 --> 00:38:08,640
<i>August 14, 1937</i>
<i>flew out China's air force -</i>

436
00:38:08,800 --> 00:38:12,160
<i>- to bomb</i>
<i>the Japanese flagship Izumo.</i>

437
00:38:13,680 --> 00:38:17,760
<i>The Chinese Air Force</i>
<i>arrived in Shanghai -</i>

438
00:38:17,920 --> 00:38:21,840
<i>- which was covered with thick clouds,</i>
<i>with about 40 aircraft.</i>

439
00:38:23,920 --> 00:38:27,760
<i>The pilots were not allowed to fly</i>
<i>above the international quarter -</i>

440
00:38:27,920 --> 00:38:32,040
<i>- even about the Japanese flagship</i>
<i>lay straight for it.</i>

441
00:38:34,280 --> 00:38:38,120
<i>The bombs hit past Izumo,</i>
<i>exploded in the river -</i>

442
00:38:38,280 --> 00:38:40,880
- <i>and created geysers</i>
<i>and tidal waves-</i>

443
00:38:41,040 --> 00:38:44,000
- <i>there they hit the Chinese,</i>
<i>that came with-</i>

444
00:38:44,160 --> 00:38:46,680
- <i>at a distance of less than 700 meters.</i>

445
00:38:49,400 --> 00:38:51,760
<i>It wasn't just water,</i>
<i>that fell down.</i>

446
00:38:51,920 --> 00:38:55,680
<i>Grenade shrapnel from</i>
<i>Japanese anti-aircraft guns</i>

447
00:38:55,840 --> 00:39:00,120
<i>- also rained down on the crowd,</i>
<i>who quickly sought cover.</i>

448
00:39:04,960 --> 00:39:09,400
In 1937 the Japanese used bombers
to attack Nanjing in China.

449
00:39:09,560 --> 00:39:15,080
The weekly reviews from that time
showed the bodies of women and children -

450
00:39:15,240 --> 00:39:18,040
- that lay in the ruins
of burned buildings.

451
00:39:18,200 --> 00:39:22,440
It created widespread
moral outrage in the West.

452
00:39:26,960 --> 00:39:31,920
Lord Cranborne,
British Deputy Foreign Secretary -

453
00:39:32,080 --> 00:39:35,520
- responded to the bombing
with a specific statement:

454
00:39:35,680 --> 00:39:42,120
“A possible military target
being completely ignored.”

455
00:39:42,280 --> 00:39:44,080
"The main purpose is shown -

456
00:39:44,240 --> 00:39:49,440
- specifically to spread terror
in the bombed population."

457
00:40:03,240 --> 00:40:07,840
<i>In Europe in February 1938 estimated</i>
<i>british intelligence service -</i>

458
00:40:08,000 --> 00:40:13,040
<i>- that the German Air Force</i>
<i>had 1019 bombers.</i>

459
00:40:14,280 --> 00:40:16,880
<i>The real number was 532.</i>

460
00:40:17,040 --> 00:40:20,160
<i>None of them could reach</i>
<i>to Great Britain -</i>

461
00:40:20,320 --> 00:40:23,120
- <i>without first occupying airfields.</i>

462
00:40:23,280 --> 00:40:26,960
<i>Prime Minister</i>
<i>Neville Chamberlain stated:</i>

463
00:40:27,120 --> 00:40:31,400
<i>“I'm pretty sure that if</i>
<i>we can avoid war for a few years -</i>

464
00:40:31,560 --> 00:40:37,760
<i>- we get such a strong air force,</i>
<i>that nobody wants to risk anything."</i>

465
00:40:40,400 --> 00:40:44,480
The Royal Air Force is
far less numerous than the Luftwaffe.

466
00:40:44,640 --> 00:40:49,280
Brute force in the defense of British
airspace is not an option.

467
00:40:49,440 --> 00:40:52,760
The authorities know
that something else is needed -

468
00:40:52,920 --> 00:40:57,720
- to be able to use the air force
against a superior enemy.

469
00:41:00,520 --> 00:41:02,360
<i>For fear of a German air raid-</i>

470
00:41:02,520 --> 00:41:04,640
<i>- one was created</i>
<i>research group</i>

471
00:41:04,800 --> 00:41:06,600
<i>for remote registration of aircraft -</i>

472
00:41:06,760 --> 00:41:09,680
<i>- under management</i>
<i>by Robert Watson-Watt.</i>

473
00:41:09,840 --> 00:41:12,080
SIR ROBERT WATSON-WATT
BRITISH RADAR PIONEER

474
00:41:13,080 --> 00:41:16,560
<i>The group developed the world's first</i>
<i>integrated air defense system -</i>

475
00:41:16,720 --> 00:41:21,320
<i>- and first practical radar,</i>
<i>which was codenamed "Chain Home".</i>

476
00:41:24,000 --> 00:41:28,160
<i>The system consisted of antennas,</i>
<i>who sat between three or four -</i>

477
00:41:28,320 --> 00:41:32,800
<i>- 110 meter high steel towers</i>
<i>along the east coast of Great Britain.</i>

478
00:41:34,320 --> 00:41:37,560
<i>Chain Home measured,</i>
<i>how fast the signals-</i>

479
00:41:37,720 --> 00:41:40,040
- <i>come back to recipient.</i>

480
00:41:41,120 --> 00:41:46,760
<i>What was special about the system was,</i>
<i>how the direction of the target was measured.</i>

481
00:41:46,920 --> 00:41:51,400
<i>Most radars measure direction</i>
<i>with radio energy -</i>

482
00:41:51,560 --> 00:41:54,280
<i>- in narrow rays,</i>
<i>just like a flashlight.</i>

483
00:41:54,440 --> 00:41:58,600
<i>Chain Home consisted of antennas,</i>
<i>that illuminated a large area -</i>

484
00:41:58,760 --> 00:42:00,560
- <i>just like a searchlight.</i>

485
00:42:01,920 --> 00:42:06,080
Chain Home radar stations
on the rocks and along the coast -

486
00:42:06,240 --> 00:42:12,640
- has 110 meter high transmission towers,
which sends out the radar signals.

487
00:42:14,080 --> 00:42:19,480
It appears on a cathode ray tube
as a glimpse or a deviation.

488
00:42:21,000 --> 00:42:24,560
It includes courses,
direction of movement -

489
00:42:24,720 --> 00:42:30,600
- how fast the plane flies,
and how many flights are on the way.

490
00:42:30,760 --> 00:42:35,920
Information that is
useful for the air force.

491
00:42:37,800 --> 00:42:42,680
<i>The radar operators chose</i>
<i>a target or flash on the screen -</i>

492
00:42:42,840 --> 00:42:46,800
<i>- and turned a knob</i>
<i>to read the direction.</i>

493
00:42:48,800 --> 00:42:53,120
<i>When the war broke out</i>
<i>in September 1939-</i>

494
00:42:53,280 --> 00:42:57,480
<i>- there were 21 working</i>
<i>Chain Home Stations.</i>

495
00:42:57,640 --> 00:43:02,600
<i>Thanks to Chain Home</i>
<i>the British lost only 900 aircraft -</i>

496
00:43:02,760 --> 00:43:06,040
<i>- and saved half the pilots</i>
<i>in the Battle of England.</i>

497
00:43:19,160 --> 00:43:22,440
<i>In 1939, Hitler canceled</i>
<i>The Munich Agreement.</i>

498
00:43:22,600 --> 00:43:27,200
<i>It handed over the Sudetenland</i>
<i>in Czechoslovakia to Germany -</i>

499
00:43:27,360 --> 00:43:30,560
<i>- and was signed</i>
<i>September 30, 1938.</i>

500
00:43:30,720 --> 00:43:34,560
<i>Now he went to annex</i>
<i>all of Czechoslovakia.</i>

501
00:43:39,280 --> 00:43:44,080
<i>March 14, 1939 was</i>
<i>Czech President Emil Hácha -</i>

502
00:43:44,240 --> 00:43:48,680
<i>- called to Berlin and warned</i>
<i>courage to resist.</i>

503
00:43:50,280 --> 00:43:54,920
<i>Göring threatened to bomb Prague,</i>
<i>his historic capital.</i>

504
00:43:56,000 --> 00:43:58,800
<i>Hácha apparently got</i>
<i>a heart attack-</i>

505
00:43:58,960 --> 00:44:01,880
- <i>and then blew off the contingency.</i>

506
00:44:02,880 --> 00:44:06,320
<i>The world was one step closer to war.</i>

507
00:44:19,800 --> 00:44:23,680
<i>September 1, 1939,</i>
<i>at 4.45-</i>

508
00:44:23,840 --> 00:44:28,040
<i>- opened the German battleship</i>
<i>Schleswig-Holstein fire -</i>

509
00:44:28,200 --> 00:44:32,880
<i>- towards the Polish fort Westerplatte</i>
<i>in Danzig, the current Gdansk.</i>

510
00:44:35,640 --> 00:44:40,960
<i>1.5 million German soldiers</i>
<i>in 67 divisions -</i>

511
00:44:41,120 --> 00:44:46,200
<i>- supported by three Slovak</i>
<i>divisions, penetrated into Poland.</i>

512
00:44:49,440 --> 00:44:54,520
The Germans went to war
on 1 September 1939 against Poland.

513
00:44:54,680 --> 00:44:59,600
Looking back on it,
was it the first blitzkrieg -

514
00:44:59,760 --> 00:45:03,800
- although blitzkrieg was still
an idea under development.

515
00:45:07,840 --> 00:45:11,640
<i>Hitler showed the Allies,</i>
<i>how he would wage war.</i>

516
00:45:11,800 --> 00:45:16,040
<i>Incessant bombing raids</i>
<i>should be central.</i>

517
00:45:19,080 --> 00:45:23,640
<i>Four bomber units from the Luftwaffe</i>
<i>with Junkers Ju 52s -</i>

518
00:45:23,800 --> 00:45:28,320
<i>- Heinkel He 111s</i>
<i>and Dornier Do 17s -</i>

519
00:45:28,480 --> 00:45:32,160
<i>- bombed runways,</i>
<i>sports fields and fortifications -</i>

520
00:45:32,320 --> 00:45:35,640
- <i>in the Polish capital Warsaw.</i>

521
00:45:45,160 --> 00:45:49,480
<i>This morning gave</i>
<i>the British ambassador in Berlin-</i>

522
00:45:49,640 --> 00:45:53,280
<i>- the German government</i>
<i>one last note -</i>

523
00:45:53,440 --> 00:45:58,960
<i>- that unless we heard from them</i>
<i>before 11 o'clock -</i>

524
00:45:59,120 --> 00:46:04,280
<i>- that they were ready for immediately</i>
<i>to withdraw the troops from Poland -</i>

525
00:46:04,440 --> 00:46:07,200
- <i>would we be at war with each other.</i>

526
00:46:08,720 --> 00:46:13,920
<i>I will have to announce,</i>
<i>that this has not happened -</i>

527
00:46:14,080 --> 00:46:20,360
<i>- and that our country is therefore</i>
<i>at war with Germany.</i>

528
00:46:23,560 --> 00:46:28,040
<i>November 10, 1932 had</i>
<i>Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin -</i>

529
00:46:28,200 --> 00:46:30,240
- <i>said in the House of Commons:</i>

530
00:46:31,880 --> 00:46:34,880
<i>"The man on the street</i>
<i>must face-</i>

531
00:46:35,040 --> 00:46:39,040
<i>- that no power on earth</i>
<i>can protect him from bombs.”</i>

532
00:46:39,200 --> 00:46:43,640
<i>"No matter what people say,</i>
<i>will the bomber get through.”</i>

533
00:46:47,640 --> 00:46:49,520
In a way it was true.

534
00:46:49,680 --> 00:46:53,840
Most bomber formations
during World War II reached -

535
00:46:54,000 --> 00:46:56,440
- and bombed the target.

536
00:46:56,600 --> 00:47:00,280
<i>At under 100 years</i>
<i>went the bomber from a balloon -</i>

537
00:47:00,440 --> 00:47:04,040
- <i>for a weapon of all destruction.</i>

538
00:47:05,320 --> 00:47:11,120
<i>Guernica, Shanghai and Warsaw</i>
<i>showed what the bomber could do.</i>

539
00:47:13,440 --> 00:47:15,840
<i>In the impending war -</i>

540
00:47:16,000 --> 00:47:19,200
- <i>should an increasing number</i>
<i>bigger and better aircraft-</i>

541
00:47:19,360 --> 00:47:22,360
<i>- redefine terror</i>
<i>and change the world forever.</i>

542
00:47:30,080 --> 00:47:34,080
Texts: Morten Rasmussen
Iyuno-SDI Group